7-8 June 2010
St George Hotel, Harrogate, UK
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Paper 1 Delivery of Functional Coatings
Biography: Dr Nik Kapur is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Mechanical Engineering, and has worked in the area of coating and printing for ~15 years. His research interests span the range of practical application through to theoretical understanding. He has worked extensively with industry to build understanding of their processes through using a combination of computational modelling and experimentation.
Abstract: This presentation will seek to review the ongoing research around the delivery of functional coatings. This will cover a broad range of techniques including conventional print such as screen printing through to digital printing. The presentation will, in particular, focus on the link between the rheological properties of the fluid and its behaviour, both in the delivery device itself but also once deposited on the substrate. The interaction of the substrate and the coating can have profound effects on the final quality.
Paper 2 Conducting Polymers in Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Schistosomiasis
Biography: Dr Sheelagh Campbell is at Portsmouth University. For some years she was Chairman of the Industrial Physical Chemistry Group, Faraday Division Roy Soc Chem. She is Editor of the Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing.
Abstract: Polymers are now widely used in medical science as vehicles for drug delivery. Unlike traditional medicines, polymer-drug delivery systems can attain the desired level by supplying a constant concentration of the drug in the blood. This ability makes polymers such as poly (siloxanes), poly (methyl methacrylate), and poly (vinyl alcohol) excellent candidates for drug carriers and hence controlled release systems. Recently, polymeric delivery systems based on conducting (or electro active) polymers has emerged. Immobilisation of functional molecules into e.g. polypyrrole occurs via charge compensation where soluble salts containing negatively charged active molecules are used as electrolytes for electrochemical polymerisation. Physical entrapment of the drug during the polypyrrole formation is also used to produce a drug/polymer assembly. In this paper, the incorporation of therapeutic agents such as niclosamide, praziquantel and trichlorfon, into polypyrrole and polythiophene will be discussed. The electrosynthesis of the composites at a variety of electrode surfaces will be discussed and methods for characterisation of the films produced (solid-state spectroscopic techniques, including CPMAS 13C-NMR, EDX and XPS) as well as evaluation of release rates (GC-MS and bioassays) discussed. The disease used in this study is Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) a disease found mainly in tropical developing countries and is by several species of parasitic worms.
Paper 3 High Strain Rate Shear and Extensional Flow of Organic Coatings - Experimental and Numerical Approaches
Abstract: In order to maintain competiveness, there is a drive to increase line speeds and thus overall equipment efficiency in many operations involving roll coating of web substrates - e.g. aluminium foils, strip steel, polymer films. In the case of reverse roll coating processes, failure at high application speeds arises as a consequence of the onset of instabilities in the meniscus (i.e. ribbing) or dynamic wetting line (e.g. air entrainment). However, from a practical perspective, the complex fluid dynamics that characterise mass transfer and dynamic wetting in the coating head are extremely difficult to characterise or predict effectively. The present study will focus on approaches suited to the high strain rate photometrical characterisation of organic coating fluids. Rotational rheometry also precludes characterisation of the tensile properties of the fluid. This paper reviews alternative approaches to the measurement of high strain rate behaviour. When combined, these developments offer potential as an effective predictive tool for the design of coating fluids suited to the next generation of high-speed processes.
Paper 4 Liquid Dispensing Technology
Biography: Tim has a BSc Hons in Pharmacy from Manchester University and is a Qualified, Registered Pharmacist, Member of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Currently he is Technical Director in the Liquids New Product Introduction, Centre of Excellence of GlaxoSmithKline. Based in the Manufacturing organisation of GlaxoSmithKline and work with R+D colleagues to develop robust manufacturing processes for new pharmaceutical products.
Abstract: The paper will deal with Liquid Dispensing Technology (LDT) as a proprietary, state-of-the-art tablet manufacturing system. A liquid dispenser continuously and precisely dispenses (*coats) a small volume of a dosing solution of a highly potent Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) onto the surface of an array of inert carrier tablets. The purpose of this study was to evaluate LDT for the manufacture of low dose, immediate release tablets with Naproxen as a model compound. The chosen system dispensed a pre-calibrated amount of the dosing solution to deliver a 100 ug dose onto the carrier tablets. The volume of each droplet was monitored with an integrated PAT imaging system and the images were processed instantaneously and continuously with a custom imaging algorithm through the entire run. After solvent evaporation, a stable, coated film was formed with Naproxen entrapped in the polymer matrix on the tablet. Conclusions: Low dose Naproxen tablets were successfully manufactured by LDT. GSK has the capability of manufacturing low dose tablets for Phases I, II, III clinical trials and commercial scale operations.
Paper 5 The Use of Coating Technology in Electroplating Electronic Components
Biography: Dr A Hopper is Secretary and Treasurer of the All Ireland Branch of the IMF. She is now a lecturer at Dublin Institute of Technology. The work she will present was carried out when she was employed by Littlefuse Inc in Ireland.
Abstract: Multilayer varistor components require masking of the ceramic body so that the electrical terminals can be electroplated with nickel and tin. Conventional masking techniques are not valid in tiny devices of 1mm x 0.5mm dimensions. {A glass frit formulation was developed that was compatible with the ceramic and the thick film silver terminations. The glass frit and silver terminations are firing at 650C to bond with the ceramic. A firing profile was achieved that allowed the glass to diffuse into the silver loaded terminations leaving a conductive surface for electroplating at the same time this insulating coating remains on the outer surface of the ceramic body. Selection of coating technology was paramount to the success of the project. In the pharmaceutical industry coating tablets is an integral process and knowledge gained from this coating industry was transferred to this process.
Paper 6 Electrophoretic Painting as a Delivery System for Antimicrobial Surfaces
Biography: Peter Hope has been active in electrophoretic paint technology since 1972. He has been responsible for all the technical activities of LVH Coatings Ltd. since its formation in 1982.
Abstract: Silver has been used for sterilisation since ancient times. We now know that silver ions are lethal to many microorganisms including bacteria, viruses and fungi. New techniques from nanotechnology allow silver to be incorporated into various surfaces to provide antimicrobial properties. The concentration of silver at the surface can be low in mass but high in effective surface area of available silver due to the nanoparticle support medium. Electrophoretic painting is a well established method of mass production coating of complex shaped metal items. Accordingly it has distinct advantages as a coating system for items such as door handles which are recognised as vectors of infective agent transmission. Therefore a logical development is to incorporate silver antimicrobials into electrophoretic paint systems. The project has to take account of preserving the activity of the silver from manufacturing the paint through packaging, storage, electrode position and curing, to a persistently antimicrobial finish.
Paper 7 Some Medical Applications of Radiation Curing
Biography: Emeritus Professor of Applied Chemistry University of Kent at Canterbury UK Emeritus Professor of Organic Chemistry, City University London UK Over 200 published papers and patents concerned with radiation curing and photochemistry. Author of a text on radiation curing: Exploring the Science and Science, Technology and Applications of UV and EB Curing, 1999 SITA Technology. Tutor on the PRA Radiation Curing Course. Managing Director of Citifluor Ltd which offers a consultancy service to the radiation curing industry and produces products for the use with the technique of immunofluorescence.
Abstract: The biomedical applications of radiation curing are growing apace. There are a number of applications for the production of medical products such as dental and ophthalmic materials, to the coating of prosthetic devices such as catheters and plates for holding fractured bones together. A particularly exciting and rapidly developing field is that of producing scaffolds to allow controlled cell growth so as to produce organs and replacement parts for the human body (tissue engineering). Radiation curing is playing a vital role in the development of new analytical instrumentation used in biomedical assays where there has been a particular emphasis on developing micro fluidic devices. The main areas of application will be reviewed and used to illustrate the attractive features of radiation curing which are driving these applications.
Paper 8 Chemistry/Coating Routes to Anti-counterfeit Technology
Biography: Long is the Director of Digital Print Centre of Industrial Collaboration and the Professor of Reprographics Science & Technology at Leeds University. He is the Editor-in-Chief of Pigment & Resin Technology and China Coatings Journal. He is also a Fellow of the Institute of Paper, Printing and Publication and a Fellow of the Technology of Surface Coatings. He has experience in pigment/dye chemistry, anti-counterfeit/brand protection solutions, inks/coating formulations, organic synthesis, polymer synthesis and application and printing technology.
Biography: Weidong obtained her PhD (1995) at Leeds University and is currently a Senior Research Fellow in Colour Science at Leeds University. She has experience in pigment/dye chemistry, anti-counterfeit/brand protection solutions, inks/coating formulations, organic synthesis, polymer synthesis and application and printing technology.
Abstract: The uniqueness of features is essential to any successful anti-counterfeit technology. This paper will review recent advances in anti-counterfeit technology based on novel materials that need to be delivered to the substrate. The paper will also discuss recent developments of anti-counterfeit technology based on unique features created via challenging organic syntheses and coating/printing application methods. Such unique features are mainly of overt nature. This paper will also deal with various challenges associated with the application of anti-counterfeit materials. The paper will conclude with an outlook on future directions of anti-counterfeit technology through materials/chemistry/coating routes.
Paper 9 Surface modification of Polyurethanes to enhance Biological Activity
Abstract: In order to improve the biocompatibility of polyurethane surfaces, polyurethane type materials were modified chemically using graft copolymerization modification. The grafting reactions were carried out either by UV irradiation or by plasma surface treatments. Hydrophobic monomers and hydrophilic monomers were used to give the required attributes. After modification, the samples were characterised by evaluating and establishing their surface energy and biocompatibility. Citoxicity and haemocompatibility issues were addressed. The results obtained were promising. These modifications have created designed polymeric material surfaces that are either attractive to cell attachment or cell repellent. For the former situation, the required excellent adhesion properties were obtained.
Paper 10 Gas Barrier Coatings
Biography: Mike Leonard graduated in 1978 from Polytechnic of South Bank in the technology of surface coatings. Since then he has worked in product research and development related to all of the different classes of printing inks and related polymers. More recently, for a new growth initiative at Sun Chemical, he has headed up a research group developing functional coatings, including gas barrier coatings for food packaging.
Abstract: Abstract Barrier coatings provide barriers to certain gasses, liquids, radiation or other substances. This presentation will concentrate on Oxygen and Moisture Vapour Barrier coatings applied to flexible food packaging substrates. There is an ongoing requirement to improve barrier properties in order to extend shelf life of packaged foods. The ultimate barriers, Glass and tin, whilst infinitely recyclable are heavy and therefore expensive to transport and their gradual replacement of tin, glass and aluminium foils by plastic packaging materials has been evolving for several decades. In describing the various coating technologies, comparisons will be drawn with alternative methods of achieving these barriers.
Paper 11 The Chemistry of Polyurethanes
Abstract: Polyurethanes (PU) are some of the most versatile polymers available and find applications in many different markets. Coatings are one market in particular where this versatility is resulting in PU finding more and more uses. One of the reasons for the success of polyurethanes is due to the wide range of available raw materials and its ability to absorb other resin technologies. It is possible to formulate polyurethane coatings that give outstanding corrosion protection that can withstand extreme off-shore environments. Using the same basic chemistry it is also possible to produce highly decorative systems for automotive paints. This presentation is designed to give a broad overview of the full range of technology available to the formulating chemist and how it is possible to adapt this to using other polymer technologies. It will cover topics such as application methods and curing mechanisms together some of the issues to consider when formulating PU coatings
Paper 12 Functionality of Can Coatings
Abstract: Whilst at first sight can coatings may not seem to fit the definition of a functional coating, they have a number of functionalities. These include protecting the foodstuff from the metal, protecting the metal from the foodstuff, enabling the can components to be manufactured. In addition to these requirements the coatings must not endanger human health. The types of chemistries which can be used for can coatings will be outlined along with benefits and drawbacks of each as well as their suitability for different types of can, can component or closure. A state of the art approach to demonstrating the safety of can coatings will also be presented.
Paper 13 Nano-composite-based Coatings for Corus Long Products
Biography: Dr Siva Bohm is a senior research scientist at Corus-Steel Ltd. His expertise is in the development in novel coating systems for steel structures with emphasis on high durability requirements.
Abstract: Corus produces steel plate for the ship industry, coated with a zinc-based primer. The primer provides corrosion protection, is over-coatable and does not interfere with welding and cutting processes in the shipyards. As the price of zinc continues to rocket, cost reduction was sought, through the use of a zinc silicate pre-fabrication primer, one of very few coatings used by Long products. This option was considered to be was very attractive. Replacing 5-10% of the zinc without reducing the effectiveness of the coating as a pre-fabrication primer was an attractive idea. Development work has shown some very promising results. The addition of ion-exchanged clay has significantly improved durability, weld ability and cutting speed. The technology was patented (EP 1479736 A1) and scaling-up progressed.
Paper 14 Photoactive Titanium Dioxide in Silicone Based Coatings
Abstract: The degradation potential of photoactive titanium dioxide is currently best supplied in silicone resins. This might be due to their general chemical stability against oxidation and also the formation of a silicate backbone under these conditions which then can serve as an inorganic binder. For emulsion systems Sachtleben Chemie has investigated the impact of the volume concentrations of the photo catalyst and of the fillers on the photo activity of the coating. The photo activity of the coatings was measured by photo degradation of methylene blue in water according to the German standard test and by the photo degradation of isopropanol (IPA) in the gas phase. The kinetics of this reaction was also investigated. The formulation of silane systems for transparent photoactive metal coatings requires the preparation of well dispersed transparent photo catalysts in compatible media. The highly filled dispersions were applied on steel and the coatings revealed their photo activity in the methylene blue test and by spreading water droplets after UV-illumination. Besides this the coatings had to prove their corrosion and durability in weathering tests.
Paper 15 Glazing Coatings and Interlayers to Achieve Reactive Fire Resistance
Abstract: The relevant chemistry, manufacture and performance characteristics of Fire Resistant Glazing are described in the context of laboratory development techniques and international certification of the products. A case study of small-scale laboratory testing of known failure modes of a Fire Resistant Glazing product will be presented; demonstrating that full-scale performance can be predicted.